social security act today

On September 1, 1954, the Social Security Act was amended to extend OASI coverage to self-employed farmers and workers in specified other professions, additional farm and domestic employees, members of state and local government retirement systems on a voluntary group basis, and individual ministers and members of religious orders through election. Available at http://www.socialsecurity.gov/pressoffice/pr/hearings-backlog-pr.htm. SSA News Release (February 3). Eventually, 23 governors declared moratoria on processing CDRs in their states (SSA 1995g). History of SSA during the Johnson Administration 1963–1968. Christgau, Victor. 1969. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. SSA annual work plan report, fiscal year 1969. ———. In addition, the Informational Service enlisted the help of thousands of kids from the National Youth Administration to "go out to the hedgerows and by ways, the gates of feebly stirring industrial plants, business offices, and billboards" to post some 3 million placards (Swift 1960, 11). 1977. SSA offered several additional automated services, allowing callers secure access to personal data. Resistance to SSA's de novo decision process on CDRs built rapidly. Available at http://www.socialsecurity.gov/history/ritter6.html. GAO predicted that if the trend continued, the number of immigrants on SSI could reach nearly 2 million by 2000 (Harmon and others 2000). Payment center employees worked nearly a million hours of overtime during FY 1967. 1995h. Social Security Bulletin 1(6): 24–28. By the end of January 1940, DAO had established almost 49.6 million worker accounts, plus more than 1.8 million Railroad Retirement Board (RRB) employee account numbers. Available at http://www.socialsecurity.gov/pressoffice/pr/backlog-progress-pr.html. ALJs frequently had additional evidence not available to the DDSs. story. As the United States sought to trim the welfare rolls, the SSI eligibility of noncitizens began to be reconsidered. Once they received the approved procedures, field personnel were not happy with complicated and expensive requirements, such as notarizing certain information, and feared a negative public reaction (Wyatt and Wandel 1937, 132). Although SSA was able to automate about 97.5 percent of conversions, over 600,000 records still required manual computations. Many automated services offered an interactive speech format, enabling callers to provide more information to SSA. ———. In a three-state pilot beginning August 1987, the parent of a newborn could request an SSN as part of the State's birth registration process (SSA 1988, 2). As the date that these noncitizens would lose their SSI payments approached, a concern arose that SSA's records might not have accurately reflected the current immigration status of some of the individuals. The Board established an Informational Service in January 1936 to supervise public relations. New coverage provisions added new complexity to the program, and additional complexity resulted from legislative provisions to ensure that no one was disadvantaged by changes in program rules. 1970. Social Security hearings backlog down for first time in decade; productivity and processing times also improve. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. 2001a. National Labor Relations Board. Normally, SSA would have to publish new regulations in the Federal Register, request public comments, and wait for the comments before applying the revisions and reevaluating the cases. ———. The idea behind this state-federal arrangement was to tie the receipt of cash disability benefits more closely to rehabilitation services, which were state functions. ———. In this scheme, the employer would issue stamps to each employee based on the employee's earnings. Available at http://www.socialsecurity.gov/legislation/testimony_031406.html. SSA plainly could not continue using the Flexoline file indefinitely. 2009. SSA News Release (September 5). The law also made changes in the OASDI and Medicare programs. Telecommunications workloads were projected to far exceed the capacity to handle them (SSA 1986, 10). The Court threw out a centerpiece of the New Deal, the National Industrial Recovery Act, the Agricultural Adjustment Act, and New York State's minimum-wage law. Garcia. President Franklin Roosevelt signed the Social Security Act on August 14, 1935, establishing a three-person Social Security Board to administer a program of old-age retirement benefits based on a person's earnings history. With increased workloads in the district offices came heavy claims loads in the payment centers. The PSCs took over additional work from the overwhelmed BDI, assuming jurisdiction for disability claims and records for beneficiaries aged 62 or older. Social Security Bulletin 15(1): 3–14. As implementation of the new standards began, SSA identified three areas of concern: the status of children classified with mental retardation, variations among states and categories of impairments in the accuracy of decisions to continue or deny payments, and allegedly difficult-to-understand notices causing confusion about appeal rights (SSA 1997b). OASIS 25(11): 22–26. After punching, the cards were sent through a series of special machines that used electrical circuits to permit sorting in any desired order, producing duplicates, printing the information represented by the punched holes, tabulating or summarizing the information, and checking duplicate cards to ascertain that they matched the originals (Wyatt and Wandel 1937, 119). The 2009 annual report of the Board of Trustees of the Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance and Federal Disability Insurance Trust Funds. 110-501. Annual report of the Social Security Administration for fiscal year 1975: Submitted to the Congress by the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare on March 17, 1976. SSA undertook a related effort to install ergonomic, modular furniture and ergonomic chairs in operational offices. Available at http://www.socialsecurity.gov/legislation/testimony_111909.htm. There were no precedents to follow, and complete information with which to resolve questions was lacking. Also in 1982, SSA acquired two modern large-scale host processors to replace the outdated processors used for data communications. Workers continuously migrated from one part of the country to another, and large employers paid their taxes and filed wage reports centrally for employees all over the country. Each page contained 100 SSNs in numerical order. The bill increases the income threshold that a beneficiary must reach before Social Security benefits are taxable. Once again, SSA kept field offices open evenings and weekends to accommodate the applicants. Washington, DC: American University. 2007a. Social Security Administration performance and accountability report, fiscal year 2003. SSA set up a keying center in Albuquerque to handle these new demands (SSA 1973b). These dedicated employees have helped SSA become one of the best agencies in the federal government. SSA estimated that about 500,000 of these individuals would lose their SSI eligibility (SSA n.d. b). Some techniques of management improvements in the administration of the Social Security in the United States. In Louisiana, more than 400,000 OASDI beneficiaries and 91,000 SSI recipients resided in the counties affected by Hurricane Katrina; in Mississippi, about 127,000 OASDI beneficiaries and 22,000 SSI recipients lived in the areas impacted; and in Alabama, almost 125,000 OASDI beneficiaries and 21,000 SSI recipients were affected (SSA 2005c). Claimants who receive an unfavorable decision at a hearing can request an Appeals Council review. By June 30, 1936, the Board had hired 677 employees for its central office in Washington and only 71 for the field. The first Claims Manual was a slim 35 pages. The Social Security Act is America's foremost social welfare law, designed to counteract the dangers of old age, poverty, disability and unemployment through a range of government programs and benefits. This article is meant to give the reader some sense of the scope of the programs that SSA administers and of the challenges that arise in administering such programs. Interview by Larry DeWitt. In July 1937 alone, Bureau field offices issued some 1.9 million additional SSNs (McKinley and Frase 1970, 368–373). Baltimore, MD: SSA, Bureau of Data Processing. It has been repeatedly amended, expanded, and adapted since that point, particularly in 1965 … SSA required the DDSs to provide more detail in their disability determination notices and to obtain all existing medical evidence for the 12 months preceding the review. SSA also accelerated the update of its medical listings, which are key factors in determining whether an individual qualifies for disability benefits. Interview by Larry DeWitt. 110-715. The Bureau also set up a DAO branch in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania (Pogge 1952, 8; SSA 1952b). Available at http://www.socialsecurity.gov/history/miltforal.html. SSA News Release (May 20). ———. One reel of magnetic tape could hold the information from almost 32,400 punched cards, and the Summary Card File alone had 120 million records to be converted to tape (SSA 1960c, 20–21). The idea was to have a workgroup examine specific program areas and try to simplify the provisions. 109th Cong., 2nd sess. OASIS special edition. 1980b. Oral history collections: Bob Bynum. SSA took steps to help those who might lose their payments. At first, the control center employees phoned the information to field offices, but as the volume of emergency requests rose, they teletyped their replies (SSA 1995h; SSA 1984b; SSA 1994b). Agency under stress: The Social Security Administration in American government. The agency also had to provide information to every doctor in the country, explaining the program and encouraging them to participate (SSA 2001b). Since 1937, every claim received in field offices had been mailed to another location for payment authorization. Available at http://www.socialsecurity.gov/history/futterman.html. As a result, SSA was still creating code until the last minute and did not have sufficient time to test the new software programs before they went operational (SSA 1975c, 33). The Social Security Act in operation: A practical guide to the federal and federal-state Social Security programs. The biggest of these was tackling an entirely new program—Medicare. The publicity campaign and the Post Office Department's efforts produced over 22 million completed applications as of December 22, 1936, 28 days after the initial distribution of employee applications (Wyatt and Wandel 1937, 62). Annual report of the Federal Security Agency for the fiscal year 1947: Section one, Social Security Administration. Baltimore, MD: SSA Office of PolicyNet and Program Support (OPPS). Overtime use in processing hearings increased by 61 percent, from 625,000 hours to over 1 million hours, and other SSA components contributed 2,200 work-years toward hearings from 1997 to 1999. SSA distributed over 120 million booklets about Medicare and sent a continuous flow of materials to the media, which provided unstinting support throughout the initial enrollment period. To determine farm coverage, SSA had to formulate a policy for measuring "material participation. SSA had underestimated the complexity of maintaining the beneficiary rolls for a program based on income and resources. It also extended for up to 1 year the period for redetermining the eligibility of certain noncitizens who might ultimately not be eligible for continued payments. Garcia. One thing the Social Security 2100 Act fails to do … 1976. ———. Among disabled SSI recipients, the share who were immigrants had increased from 2 percent to 6 percent. By the end of FY 1974, the DDSs had processed more than 20,000 of the estimated 27,000 DA&A-involved rollback cases. Also, field office personnel worked overtime on Saturdays and Sundays in payment centers. To handle these additional cases, SSA is experimenting with video service to enable staff in less busy offices to assist offices that may be overwhelmed with visitors, or to contact persons who live in remote areas (Astrue 2009). OASIS 1(8): 10–13, 21–22, 30. Account number problems. DeWitt, Larry. By the mid-1970s, 40–50 percent of appealed DDS disallowances were overturned at the hearing level, and by 1980, nearly 60 percent were. In its first report of January 29, 1936, the Field Organization Committee proposed at least one "district office" per state, located in state capitals, with additional district offices based on workload. In addition, voluntary coverage was offered to the 1.5 million people who worked for state and local governments but were not under retirement systems and to about 600,000 employees of nonprofit organizations (Cohen and Myers 1950). Other factors also contributed to growth in the disability rolls. So, the Board had less than 17 months to set up a recordkeeping system unparalleled in history. In addition, the law extended the period within which refugees and individuals in similar humanitarian immigration classifications had to obtain citizenship from 5 years to 7 years, and added Cuban and Haitian entrants and Amerasians to the categories of noncitizens who could be eligible for SSI for 7 years (SSA n.d. b; Harmon and others 2000). In addition, district offices used "imprest funds" via prepositioned checks to make advance payments up to $100 to those converted from state rolls who did not get their payments (SSA 1975c, 35). This bill increases various Old Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) benefits and related taxes. Two employees from each region attended a training class on the new hardware and software in Baltimore. Therefore, early in 1939, a central mechanized section was set up to maintain all wage records. The passage of DI benefits was extremely controversial, with many special interest groups vociferously opposed. The agency also began talks with the Department of Defense, IRS, and the states on possible additional data exchanges (SSA 1976, 42; SSA 1978b, 49). Some of these states included state DDS employees in the furloughs even though SSA pays their salaries and all DDS operating costs. The offices of the several Bureaus, and social insurance authorities outside the Board, conducted the training. ———. MCS also provided online interfaces with some of SSA's databases, for purposes such as checking that the name and SSN matched. Available at http://www.socialsecurity.gov/legislation/testimony_052307.htm. These BOASI employees were ideal for collecting information on workers' job duties, the materials they used, the supplies they needed, and whether they had more of certain critical materials (such as steel) than they needed. The agency also began to offer appointments for face-to-face field office interviews scheduled via calls to the 800 number or field office (SSA 1988, 6). They began trooping into district offices January 2, 1970. Based on the leads collected by volunteers, SSA had by the end of 1973 contacted 107,000 individuals, of whom 42,000 filed claims for benefits. To exacerbate problems, the software for recording certain changes (including changes to income or resources that affected payment) was not in place. Social Security Administration attacks disability backlog. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube. An active public information program was instituted to reach employers and employees through trade, labor, civil, veterans', and educational organizations (Pogge 1952, 5). SSA opened 159 branch offices and expanded several hundred existing offices in FY 1973 and was authorized to open another 180 branch offices in 1974 (104 to meet SSI needs and 76 for existing needs), bringing the number of field offices to 1,085. The original structure of Social Security operations, created in December 1935, included three operating bureaus: Public Assistance, Unemployment Compensation, and Old-Age Benefits. Louis.) In response, SSA instituted an "informal remand" procedure, in which local field offices screened new hearing requests based on certain characteristics that experience had shown might lead to an allowance. By FY 1988, SSA was taking about half of its claims via telephone. A marketing campaign starring actress Patty Duke accompanied the launch. The Board paid neither a salary check nor a per diem for the training period (SSA 1975b). For instance, there was a large "twilight" area in which it was difficult to determine whether a worker was an employee under the act. Social Security Bulletin 18(8): 12–17. However, although the state agencies decided whether a person's impairment met the requirements for disability benefit entitlement, DDO reviewed every decision (SSA 1995e). However, SSA's efforts to improve the disability process have been hindered by inadequate funding. With a password, beneficiaries may check their benefits, change an address, and start or change direct deposit payments. Later known as the National Employee Index Flexoline File, or simply Flexoline, the visible index consisted of strips of thin bamboo covered with paper, 3/16 of an inch wide by 9 inches long—one for each SSN issued—set in a steel panel. SSA News Release (October 17). Congress required SSA to review the decisions made on childhood disability claims under the post-Zebley standards within 1 year of enactment and to remove children from the rolls if they could not qualify under the new legislatively mandated standards. Available at http://www.socialsecurity.gov/history/oasis/january1984.pdf. John Corson recalls…former director of BOASI recounts. To make better use of callers' time while they waited to speak with an agent, SSA instituted "screen pop" and "screen splash" applications to collect data from callers and match the information to SSA records. 1973. 1979. A brief history of SSA program instructions. In 1989, SSA initiated a pilot project to determine if storing POMS on machine-readable media would be a cost-beneficial alternative to the existing paper system (GAO 1989, 32). 2002b. SSA also put SSI announcements in more than 1,300 newspapers and aired more than 4,000 radio spots. SSA News Release (January 28). The legislation also imposed a disability "megacap" offset and introduced a new way of computing SSI payments called retrospective monthly accounting (SSA n.d. b). Responding to this examination and reexamination of the criteria for finding children eligible for SSI disability payments, SSA once more published revised regulations, now effective January 2, 2001. Unpublished information. The Civilian War Benefits Program: SSA's first disability program. SSA had also created its first online database, providing field employees with access to information on SSI recipients. The number of beneficiaries grew from 9.1 million in 1956 to almost 12.5 million in 1958. Spouses account for over 30% of all Social Security benefits paid out for workers that are either deceased, retired or disabled. 2005. The master punch card was also used in the earnings-posting operation to establish an earnings ledger for each individual. The building reopened and employees returned in December 1991 (SSA 1992a, 30). The system maintained these entries in a "pending" file where they awaited the creation of the payment certification file to be sent to the Treasury Department in December 1973, which enabled timely postal delivery of the January 1974 payments on January 2. Bowers, Ronald P., and Robert V. Korycki. In FY 2009, SSA hired approximately 8,600 new employees, its biggest hiring effort since the SSI program launch 35 years earlier. Government Accountability Office. SSA placed special flags on all Katrina-related initial claims to ensure expedited handling and instituted special procedures for establishing identity for beneficiaries without traditional forms of photo identification (SSA 2005a). Employees were permitted to return the completed SS-5 applications either to the employer, to any labor organization of which the employee was a member, to the letter carrier, or to the post office by hand or via mail (Wyatt and Wandel 1937, 54). ———. BOASI had 11 regional offices, 584 district offices, and 3,541 contact stations (previously called itinerant stations). Available at http://www.socialsecurity.gov/history/medreport.html. In November 1956, retirement benefits also became payable to women at age 62 (SSA n.d. b). The way we were: A look back at beauty contests, streetcars, and the PBX board. New York City was especially hard hit. DAO sent employees to each of the six area offices to help. In addition, SSA reached out to 60 consulates to ensure that any foreign survivors who might be eligible for benefits were contacted (SSA 2002a, 1–2). State agencies made the disability determination (SSA 1966). To maximize program savings, SSA developed profiles of those most likely to no longer meet the law's definition of disability, and reviewed those cases first. On the homefront: SSA, like everyone else, contributed to the war effort in World War II. SSA staff was available to serve the families of the victims of the Flight 93 crash in Shanksville and in other locations. SSA had to identify and then notify the families of children potentially affected by the legislation, who accounted for approximately 288,000 of the 1 million children receiving SSI disability payments. Available at http://www.socialsecurity.gov/legislation/testimony_013108.htm. However, the primary resources needed to process the claims were in BDI where the BL claims went for final processing. In September 1976, BDI used over 17,000 hours overtime weekly (McKenna 1976). A policy group in the Claims Division had written the Claims Manual, but legal interpretations were largely made on the fly as cases came up. (. For SSA, the 1996 Welfare Reform legislation meant not only a change in the definition of SSI childhood disability but also changes in the SSI eligibility of most noncitizens. The local offices kept carbon copies of the OA-702 to use should an individual request a replacement card (Wyatt and Wandel 1937, 58). In November 1975, SSA began developing a unified Program Operations Manual System (POMS) to replace over 240 separate manuals and handbooks. The switch to AWR brought problems and frustrations for both IRS and SSA. ———. With over 1,400 locations, SSA offices are occasionally in the path of disasters affecting both the offices themselves and the populations they serve. SSA designed this database assuming a peak load of 20,000 transactions a day. 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